July 27, 2014, Updated July 25, 2014
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Hundreds of youth took part in an event of solidarity with kidnapped and murdered yeshiva students Eyal Yifrah, Naftali Frenkel and Gil-Ad Sha’er. (Photo by Zoe Vayer/FLASH90)

No one expects Israeli youth to live through traumatic geopolitical conflicts and come away unscathed. Now, a new Tel Aviv University/IDC study shows that Israeli youths exposed to protracted conflict not only suffer far higher levels of anxiety, phobia, fear, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and paranoia than their counterparts in the US, but that adolescent girls are at the greatest risk.

The Hamas rocket attacks on Israel and Operation Protective Edge catches children in the midst of their long-anticipated summer break. The wail of sirens, red alerts, dashing to bomb shelters and a general sense of despair has replaced screams of delight at amusement parks, laughter in the park, family and friend outings. So, what are the long-term effects of these conditions?

A new study published in the Journal of Traumatic Stress by Prof. Michelle Slone of Tel Aviv University’s School of Psychological Sciences and Dr. Anat Shoshani of the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya put together the largest cross-sectional empirical study of its kind. They assessed youths exposed to terrorism, missile attacks, war, forced residential relocations, and military operations, as well as relative quiet over an unprecedented period of 14 years.

“This was a large and logistically complicated study conducted over a long period under dynamic, violent conditions,” said Prof. Slone, Director of TAU’s Laboratory for Resilience in Childhood. “Whereas previous studies on conflict environments have focused on the frequency of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post Traumatic Symptoms, our research pointed to varied emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms, as well as a broad spectrum of clinical and sub-clinical pathologies.”

Some 8,727 Jewish Israeli adolescents aged 12-17, evenly divided by gender, were assessed in eight exposure periods: pre-Intifada (1998-2000); Intifada peak (2001-2003); Intifada recession (2004); missile attacks on southern Israel and the 2006 Lebanon War (2005-2006); peak missile attacks (2006-2007); Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009); and the 9/11 period of global terrorism (2010-2011).

The research showed that Israeli adolescents suffered from severe psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Adolescent girls reported even higher levels of psychiatric pathologies than adolescent boys, and the differential by gender increased according to direct exposure to conflict.

“Growing up in South Africa under the Apartheid regime made me particularly sensitive to the effects of political conflict and armed conflict on children,” said Prof. Slone. “Our study suggests that adolescents exposed to high levels of protracted political violence form a high-risk group for specific and non-specific pathologies.”

According to the researchers, insecure and conflict-ridden social environments disrupt the critical tasks normally completed during adolescence, including the establishment of personal identity and the search for both self-autonomy and a role in society. In light of her findings, Prof. Slone believes Israel’s public health and education systems should address the needs of the nation’s at-risk adolescent population.

“While there is no ‘quick fix’ for the significant psychological distress that becomes part of young people’s lives in conditions of chronic violence and insecurity, a cost-effective, universal, and controlled therapeutic strategy must be implemented in schools,” said Prof. Slone. “The educational system, which touches all children and adolescents across all demographic divides, stands in a unique position to institute preventive interventions that strengthen children’s resilience and ability to cope with the violent environment in which they live.”

 

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